Cave Paintings 35,000 yrs ago- made by: mixing water, plant juice, animal blood, soil, charcoal, and hematite (a form of iron oxide). Most famous cave painting site: Lascaux, France; 1940 by four teenage boys. Altamira cave: Marceline Sanz De Sautuola and his daughter Maria; they were created nearly 19,000 years ago.
Cuneiform and Sumerians 3,000 BC- made by: Clay tablets: wet the clay, form it into flat surfaces, use a wedge shaped stylus made from reeds to make impressions into the clay surface, lay clay tablets in sun to fry and harden. Over time, turned wedge-shaped. It was adopted by the Akkadians.
Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians 3,000 BC- In the sixth century BC Persians, Greeks, and the Romans invaded Egypt. Books of the Dead: Books commissioned by the users themselves before death. Over time those who could read and write Egyptian Hieroglyphics disappeared until no one knew how to decipher the ancient language. Rosetta Stone: found in 1799 by french soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Europe. Jean-François Champollion: deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822. Found that inscription referred to King Ptolemy V epiphanies at the time of his coronation around 196 BC. Phonetic Alphabet 1050 BC- Based on principle that one sign represents one spoken sound. Disintegrated class divisions between royalty and the common people.
Greek Alphabet 800 BC- The adaptation of the Phoenician letter-forms, traveled to Greece. It has given rise to many other alphabets including the Latin alphabet.
Roman Alphabet 7th Century BC- Formal style was used for important manuscripts and official documents; informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing. Lower case letters developed off the baseline of typography.
The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript 1st Century AD- codex: a covered and bound collection of hand-written pages it had compactness and sturdiness. Easier to organize in libraries. Monastic monks began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form. Manuscripts were reserved for religious purposes.
The Gutenberg Press 1450 AD- Johannes Gutenberg: introduced modern book printing. Developed oil-based ink for the printing press. Bible: printed in 1455; first book printed. William Caxton: introduced printing press to England in 1476. The Steam Powered rotary press: was built in the US around mid 1800s. Late 1930s: presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour.
Linotype Machine 1886 AD- Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter. Sholes sent a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane. Ottmar Mergenthaler: redesigned Clephane's typesetting machine.
Photography 1839-1960s AD- Camera obscura: was invented in 1880s from chemical and optimal photography. Joseph Niepce: made first successful photograph. Daguerre: invented the Daguerre process. William Fox Talbot: invented the Calotype process. Frederick Scott Archer: invented the Wet Collodion process. Richard Maddox: invented the Dry Plate process. George Eastman: established the Eastman Kodak Company. In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. Edwin Land: patented polarized light filters and his invention of instant photography, The Polaroid Corporation. Eadweard Muybridge: paved the way for motion picture photography. Motion picture camera: developed in 1880s by Muybridge.
Early Computers 1930s-1980s AD- Zuse:invented first freely programmable computer in 1936. Aiken and Hopper:designed the Mark Series of computers in 1944. Eckert and Mauchly:designed the first commercial computer for the census bureau in 1951. IBM entered the scene (International Business Machines) in 1953. Engelbart: made computers a more user-friendly tool in 1964. Intel- introduced the first single chip microprocessor, the Intel in 1971. IBM: introduced the first "memory disk" in 1971. Metcalf and Xerox: created the first Ethernet computer network in 1971. Bill Gates and Microsoft: introduced the MS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC in 1981. Lisa computer:1983 by Xeorx corporation. Apple Macintosh computer: introduced in 1984. World Wide Web: developed in 1950s introduced in 1990s.
Linotype Machine 1886 AD- Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter. Sholes sent a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane. Ottmar Mergenthaler: redesigned Clephane's typesetting machine.
Photography 1839-1960s AD- Camera obscura: was invented in 1880s from chemical and optimal photography. Joseph Niepce: made first successful photograph. Daguerre: invented the Daguerre process. William Fox Talbot: invented the Calotype process. Frederick Scott Archer: invented the Wet Collodion process. Richard Maddox: invented the Dry Plate process. George Eastman: established the Eastman Kodak Company. In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. Edwin Land: patented polarized light filters and his invention of instant photography, The Polaroid Corporation. Eadweard Muybridge: paved the way for motion picture photography. Motion picture camera: developed in 1880s by Muybridge.
Early Computers 1930s-1980s AD- Zuse:invented first freely programmable computer in 1936. Aiken and Hopper:designed the Mark Series of computers in 1944. Eckert and Mauchly:designed the first commercial computer for the census bureau in 1951. IBM entered the scene (International Business Machines) in 1953. Engelbart: made computers a more user-friendly tool in 1964. Intel- introduced the first single chip microprocessor, the Intel in 1971. IBM: introduced the first "memory disk" in 1971. Metcalf and Xerox: created the first Ethernet computer network in 1971. Bill Gates and Microsoft: introduced the MS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC in 1981. Lisa computer:1983 by Xeorx corporation. Apple Macintosh computer: introduced in 1984. World Wide Web: developed in 1950s introduced in 1990s.
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